• br Recent insights into EAAT structure function aspects The

  2021-12-13

  

  Recent insights into EAAT structure/function aspects The EAATs are secondary-active transporters coupling the movement of one Glu with the symport of three Na+ and one proton and the counter-transport of one K+ [3, 4]. The transporters are trimeric assemblies of protomers that function independen

• During pain signal transmission glutamate is

  2021-12-13

  

  During pain signal transmission, glutamate is released into the synaptic cleft, which, in turn, causes activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and hence neurotransmission across the synapse occurs. The synaptic concentration and resultant activity of glutamate are controlled by excitator

• Because of the relationship between carbohydrate consumption

  2021-12-13

  

  Because of the relationship between carbohydrate consumption and chronic diseases such as obesity and type II diabetes (Hu, van Dam, & Liu, 2001), there is mounting interest to evaluate the quality of Dimesna through analysis by glycemic index (GI) and Englyst assay, for example (Englyst, Kingman,

• While TUNEL staining is traditionally thought

  2021-12-13

  

  While TUNEL staining is traditionally thought to be an apoptosis marker, studies have shown that TUNEL can stain necrotic IC-87114 [19], [20], [21]. Furthermore, DNA degradation has also been observed in necrotic cells [22]. TUNEL staining alone is therefore insufficient to distinguish apoptosis fro

• MAPK are involved in a large variety

  2021-12-13

  

  MAPK are involved in a large variety of solid and hematolgical neoplasms and, indeed, several components of the MAPK network have already been proposed as targets in cancer therapy, such as p38, JNK, ERK1/2, MEK1/2, RAF, RAS, DUSP1 and ERK5 [11], [12]. Among them, alteration of the RAS-RAF-MEK1/2-ER

• soluble guanylate cyclase Here we used a designer receptors

  2021-12-13

  

  Here, we used a designer receptors activated exclusively by designer drugs (DREADD)-based chemogenetic approach in a novel Ghsr-IRES-Cre knock-in mouse line to test whether the activity of MBH GHSR neurons is required for the normal rebound food intake following fasting. We also used the Ghsr-IRES-C

• melk pathway Analysis of the i motif structures during biase

  2021-12-13

  

  Analysis of the i-motif structures during biased unfolding of G-quadruplexes leads to the conclusion that at acidic pH the i-motif is absolutely unaffected by that process. The hydrogen bonds within the i-motif are intact (Fig. 3D) and they only fluctuate around mean values. On the other hand, the

• NMR analyses support the above statement Compound is an

  2021-12-13

  

  NMR analyses support the above statement. Compound 32 is an interesting example of an isosteric analog of compounds 12–14. It has been demonstrated that 32 forms a rather stable six-membered ring via a hydrogen bond based on the chemical shift of the phosphorus Epigenetics Compound Library at the C-

• br Materials and methods br Results br

  2021-12-13

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion This was the first large study to quantify both total HIV DNA and integrated HIV DNA, which is the main persistent form of HIV [25,26], in samples collected during PHI, chronic infection, and at various time points until the AIDS stage, which was mad

• Clodronate Disodium synthesis br For some time it was known

  2021-12-10

  

  For some time, it was known that membrane-bound guanylate cyclases (GCs) of photoreceptor Clodronate Disodium synthesis in the retina respond to changes in the [Ca]. Lolley and Racz observed that synthesis of cyclic GMP (cGMP) was stimulated at only low [Ca], concluding that Ca has an inhibitory

• Recently it was found that hypoxia results in

  2021-12-10

  

  Recently, it was found that hypoxia results in the phosphorylation of β-catenin at Y654 in a Src-dependent manner (Xi et al., 2013). All β-catenin phosphorylated at this residue was found complexed with Hif1α and it was demonstrated that this β-catenin phosphorylation was required for Src to promote

• GSK can function in regulating insulin signaling and glucose

  2021-12-10

  

  GSK-3 can function in regulating insulin signaling and glucose metabolism. Inactivation of GSK-3 activity results in dephosphorylation and activation of GS that leads to improved glucose tolerance. However, there are additional mechanisms that can lead to increases in GS activity and improve insulin

• Lipid sensing GPCRs as therapeutic targets G protein coupled

  2021-12-10

  

  Lipid-sensing GPCRs as therapeutic targets G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a family of cell-surface receptors that respond to various extracellular stimuli such as light, odorants, neurotransmitters and hormones, and trigger a cascade of intracellular signaling. There are approximately

• br Mutagenesis and Receptor Modeling Studies br Signal Trans

  2021-12-10

  

  Mutagenesis and Receptor-Modeling Studies Signal Transduction and Receptor Desensitization Therapeutic Potential of HCA Receptor Ligands Although all members of the HCA receptor family are potentially interesting drug targets, only HCA2 is currently exploited as such. Therefore, this sectio

• To verify DNA glycosylase AP lyase activity

  2021-12-10

  

  To verify DNA glycosylase/AP lyase activity we have employed a simple and efficient method to investigate based on fluorescein-labeled duplex oligonucleotides read on an automated sequencer (Allgayer et al., 2013, Lopes et al., 2007, Lopes et al., 2008). This approach using purified CpMutY proteins

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